Inflammatory & Immune Modulators
Peptides in this domain influence signaling pathways that regulate immune activity and inflammatory response. Rather than acting as direct treatments for disease, these compounds are studied for their potential to modulate cytokine signaling, immune cell communication, and inflammatory cascade dynamics. Discussions in this category often explore systemic inflammation, gut-immune interactions, immune resilience, and the balance between necessary inflammatory signaling and chronic dysregulation.
Glutathione
Early human dataGlutathione is the body's main antioxidant tripeptide. Small oral trials show it can raise blood and cell levels, with conflicting marker results and no tested health outcomes; IV use has no controlled trial in the cited sources.
human 4 · sources 6
KPV
No human dataKPV is the Lys-Pro-Val tripeptide from the C-terminal end of alpha-MSH. There is no human data; it has been studied in cell lines, mouse colitis models and a rabbit cornea model.
human 0 · sources 4
LL-37
Controlled human trialsLL-37 is the only human cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide tested topically in three randomised chronic-wound trials. The largest, a phase IIb in venous leg ulcers, found no benefit over placebo.
human 3 · sources 8
Thymosin Alpha 1
Controlled human trialsA 28 amino acid thymic peptide that did not reduce 28-day mortality in a 1,106-patient double-blind sepsis trial. Approved abroad as thymalfasin (Zadaxin); not approved in the United States.
human 2 · sources 7
Thymulin
No human dataThymulin is a zinc-dependent thymic hormone. Its human data measured the body's own thymulin rising when zinc was restored; no cited study has given thymulin to a person.
human 2 · sources 8